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戴雨瀟:美國基層治安崩壞背后的司法“江湖”
參考注釋:
[1] https://compstat.nypdonline.org/2e5c3f4b-85c1-4635-83c6-22b27fe7c75c/view/89
[2] https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/16/nyregion/michelle-go-man-pushes-woman-subway.html
[3] N.Y. Penal Law § 155.25.
[4] https://www.manhattanda.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Day-One-Letter-Policies-1.03.2022.pdf
[5] https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/06/us/alvin-bragg-manhattan-district-attorney-crimes-prosecution/index.html
[6] https://nypost.com/2022/01/08/alvin-bragg-underplayed-shoplifting-arrest-says-nypd-sergeants-union/
[7] https://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-proposition-47-falsehoods-arrest-20151027-story.html
[8] https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-district-attorney-race-top-donors/
[9] https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/years-of-experience-gone-kimberly-m-gardner-has-lost-more/article_c5b70e30-d3c3-551c-8a90-d1f03b47c1e3.html
[10] https://www.inquirer.com/politics/clout/philadelphia-district-attorney-larry-krasner-george-soros-retired-cops-20200807.html
[11] https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/rates.html
[12] https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-6.xls
[13] https://github.com/themarshallproject/incarcerated_survey
[14] Burch, Traci. "Turnout and party registration among criminal offenders in the 2008 general election." Law & Society Review 45.3 (2011): 699-730.
[15] Meredith, Marc, and Michael Morse. "Do voting rights notification laws increase ex-felon turnout?." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 651.1 (2014): 220-249.
[16] https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2021/07/16/many-in-jail-can-vote-but-exercising-that-right-isnt-easy
[17] https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/jail_voting.html
[18] Stetser, Marie C., and Robert Stillwell. "Public High School Four-Year On-Time Graduation Rates and Event Dropout Rates: School Years 2010-11 and 2011-12. First Look. NCES 2014-391." National Center for Education Statistics (2014).
[19] https://edtrust.org/resource/graduation-rates-dont-tell-the-full-story-racial-gaps-in-college-success-are-larger-than-we-think/
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