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(46) Mark Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 30.

(48) Mark Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han, p. 19.

(49) Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964.

(50) Dingxin Zhao, The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.

(51) Dingxin Zhao, The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History, p. 275.

(52) Fritz Kern, Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages, Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2006.

(53) Brian Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory, p. 24.

(54) 在《孟子?梁惠王下》中，孟子肯定了誅殺紂王的正當性。原文：齊宣王問曰：“湯放桀，武王伐紂，有諸？”孟子對曰：“于傳有之。”曰：“臣弒其君可乎？”曰：“賊仁者謂之賊，賊義者謂之殘，殘賊之人，謂之一夫。聞誅一夫紂矣，未聞弒君也。”

(55) 對于儒法傳統的歷史解釋，詳見：Michael Loewe, The Government of Qin and Han Empires: 221 BCE–220 CE, Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006；Dingxin Zhao, TheConfucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History；從自由主義的視角，參見 Do Chull Shin, Confu- cianism and Democratization in East Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011；Joseph R. Levenson, Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.

(56) 具體例子詳見：王靜：《中國古代道德法律化研究》，河北大學博士論文，2008 年。

(57) Ronald Dworkin, Political Judges and the Rule of Law, Maccabean Lecture in Jurisprudence, 1978, London: British Academy, 1980.

(58) Brian Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory, p. 84.

(59) Michael J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010; Alastair MacIntyre, After Virtue, London: Bloomsbury, 2014; Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge; Belknap, 2017; Charles Murray, Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, New York: Crown Forum, 2012; Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.

(60) Jennie Neufeld, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Is a Democratic Socialists of America Member. Here’s What That Means,” Vox, January 27, 2018.

(61) 出自《禮記?禮運》。

(62) Jiangyu Wang, “The Rule of Law in China: A Realistic View of the Jurisprudence, the Impact of the WTO, and the Prospects for Future Development,” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, December 2004, pp. 347–389; Lawrence Lau, “From the Economy to Judicial Reform, China Is Settling into a ‘New Normal,’” South China Morning Post, March 15, 2017.

(63) 強世功：《告別國家法一元論——秋菊的困惑與大國法治道路》，載《東方學刊》，2018 年第2期。

(64) 例如2016年的于歡案，當事人刺死了非法拘禁、侮辱其母親的高利貸催債人。這一案件引起了輿論的強烈關注，當事人一審被判無期徒刑則引起了社會上的極大爭議。最終，他在二審被改判有期徒刑五年。詳見：“China Slashes Murder Sentence in Loan- Shark Killing Case,”Reuters, June 23, 2017。另一個著名的案例是陸勇案，他身患白血病，由于負擔不起諾華集團的特效藥“格列衛”，便從國外為自己和病友購買仿制藥，這導致他在2013年以涉嫌銷售假藥罪被逮捕，隨后數百名患者聯名上書請求免除他的刑事處罰，最終檢察院在2015年撤回了對他的起訴。他的故事被拍攝成電影《我不是藥神》，喚起了公眾對癌癥患者的廣泛同情。詳見：See Lily Kuo, “Popular Cancer Drug Film Prompts China to Speed Up Price Cuts,” Guardian, July 19, 2018.

(65) 李林：《論黨與法的高度統一》，載《法制與社會發展》，2015年第3期。

(66) Ronald Dworkin, Political Judges and the Rule of Law.

(67) Jerome Cohen, “A Looming Crisis for China’s Legal System,” Foreign Policy, February 22, 2016.

(68) 中國法學界對這一現象有過大量研究，例如蘇力的《法治及其本土資源》，以及強世功的《告別國家法一元論——秋菊的困惑與大國法治道路》。

(69) Randall Peerenboom, China’s Long March toward Rule of Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

【本文英文版發表于《美國事務》（American Affairs），2019年第3期，中文版由作者本人修訂。】